Poorer outcomes following COVID-19 infection for patients with depression: A cohort analysis in South Korea

Abstract

Introduction: It remains unknown whether patients with pre-existing depressive conditions are at high risk of severe COVID-19. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between patients with pre-existing depressive conditions and severe COVID-19. Method: This study is part of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency-COVID19-National Health Insurance Service cohort study of an ongoing large-scale health screening survey of adults 18 years and older residing in South Korea. Pre-existing depression status was measured from 552,860 patients who participated in a biennial health screening from 2019 to 2020. Finally, 29,106 confirmed COVID-19 patients were enrolled and followed up to track any severe clinical events within 1 month of their diagnosis date. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis. Results: We identified 2868 COVID-19 patients with severe clinical events and 26,238 COVID-19 patients without severe clinical events. The moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms group showed an elevated odds of severe outcomes of COVID-19 (AOR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.25–1.72), including those without vaccination (AOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08–1.61) and those with complete vaccination (AOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.18–2.63). In addition, those who were diagnosed with depression along with depressive symptoms at the health screening revealed an increased risk of severe outcomes of COVID-19 (AOR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.22–4.05). Conclusion: Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were associated with higher odds of severe COVID-19 events in both no and complete vaccination groups. Participants with depressive symptoms may be at higher risk of severe outcomes of COVID-19.