Visual Function and Driving Performance Under Different Lighting Conditions in Older Drivers: Preliminary Results From an Observational Study (Preprint)

Abstract

Age-related vision changes significantly contribute to fatal crashes at night among older drivers. However, the effects of lighting conditions on age-related vision changes and associated driving performance remain unclear.

This pilot study examined the associations between visual function and driving performance assessed by a high-fidelity driving simulator among drivers 60 and older across 3 lighting conditions: daytime (photopic), nighttime (mesopic), and nighttime with glare.

Active drivers aged 60 years or older participated in visual function assessments and simulated driving on a high-fidelity driving simulator. Visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity function (CSF), and visual field map (VFM) were measured using quantitative VA, quantitative CSF, and quantitative VFM procedures under photopic and mesopic conditions. VA and CSF were also obtained in the presence of glare in the mesopic condition. Two summary metrics, the area under the log CSF (AULCSF) and volume under the surface of VFM (VUSVFM), quantified CSF and VFM. Driving performance measures (average speed, SD of speed [SDspeed], SD of lane position (SDLP), and reaction time) were assessed under daytime, nighttime, and nighttime with glare conditions. Pearson correlations determined the associations between visual function and driving performance across the 3 lighting conditions.

Of the 20 drivers included, the average age was 70.3 years; 55% were male. Poor photopic VA was significantly correlated with greater SDspeed (<i>r</i>=0.26; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and greater SDLP (<i>r</i>=0.31; <i>P</i>&lt;.001). Poor photopic AULCSF was correlated with greater SDLP (<i>r</i>=–0.22; <i>P</i>=.01). Poor mesopic VUSFVM was significantly correlated with slower average speed (<i>r</i>=–0.24; <i>P</i>=.007), larger SDspeed (<i>r</i>=–0.19; <i>P</i>=.04), greater SDLP (<i>r</i>=–0.22; <i>P</i>=.007), and longer reaction times (<i>r</i>=–0.22; <i>P</i>=.04) while driving at night. For functional vision in the mesopic condition with glare, poor VA was significantly correlated with longer reaction times (<i>r</i>=0.21; <i>P</i>=.046) while driving at night with glare; poor AULCSF was significantly correlated with slower speed (<i>r</i>=–0.32; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), greater SDLP (<i>r</i>=–0.26; <i>P</i>=.001) and longer reaction times (<i>r</i>=–0.2; <i>P</i>=.04) while driving at night with glare. No other significant correlations were observed between visual function and driving performance under the same lighting conditions.

Visual functions differentially affect driving performance in different lighting conditions among older drivers, with more substantial impacts on driving during nighttime, especially in glare. Additional research with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm these results.