Hemochromatosis and HIV: Implications for Disease Progression

Abstract

Hemochromatosis, a genetic disorder characterized by excessive iron accumulation in the body, and HIV, a virus that causes immunodeficiency, are two conditions that can significantly impact each other when co-present in an individual. This review explores the intersection of hemochromatosis and HIV, emphasizing how iron overload influences the progression of HIV infection. Iron, a crucial element for many biological processes, also plays a pivotal role in viral replication and immune function, making its dysregulation particularly relevant in HIV-infected individuals. Iron overload in hemochromatosis can exacerbate HIV disease progression through several mechanisms. Excess iron can enhance HIV replication by providing essential co-factors for viral enzymes, thus increasing viral load. Additionally, iron-induced oxidative stress can further damage cells and tissues, compounding the oxidative stress already present in HIV infection. Furthermore, iron overload can lead to immunosuppression, making patients more susceptible to opportunistic infections and accelerating the decline in immune function typically seen in HIV. The clinical management of patients with both hemochromatosis and HIV requires a nuanced approach that addresses both conditions simultaneously. Regular monitoring of iron levels and liver function, alongside appropriate use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and potential iron chelation treatments, are essential for optimal care. Keywords: Hemochromatosis, HIV, iron overload, disease progression, viral replication, immunosuppression, antiretroviral therapy, oxidative stress