PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PANCYTOPENIA: UNDERSTANDING BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION AND REGULATION IN THE BONE MARROW

Abstract

Objective: The bone marrow is the primary site for blood cell formation, responsible for the production and export of red cells, platelets, and granulocytes. Pancytopenia is a condition characterized by a reduction in all three types of cellular components in peripheral blood, leading to symptoms of marrow failure. The management and prognosis of pancytopenia depend on identifying the underlying pathology. Methods: The pathophysiology of pancytopenia involves various factors such as infections, toxins, malignant cell infiltration, suppression, or ineffective hematopoiesis. Bone marrow examination, including aspiration and trephine biopsy, is crucial for diagnosing pancytopenia, especially when the cause is unclear or when malignancy is suspected. Geographic distribution and genetic disturbances contribute to variations in the incidence of disorders causing pancytopenia. Results: The study aims to evaluate the various causes of pancytopenia and correlate peripheral blood findings with bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy. The collected data will assist in planning the diagnostic and therapeutic approach for patients with pancytopenia. Conclusion: Pancytopenia involves disruptions in blood cell production and regulation. Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy are crucial for diagnosis. Understanding blood cell regulation provides insights. This study aims to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for pancytopenia.