Detection of Copy Number Alterations by Shallow Whole-Genome Sequencing of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tumor Tissue

Abstract

Context.— In routine clinical practice, tumor tissue is stored in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks. However, the use of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue for genome analysis is challenged by poorer DNA quality and quantity. Although several studies have reported genome-wide massive parallel sequencing applied on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples for mutation analysis, copy number analysis is not yet commonly performed. Objective.— To evaluate the use of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue for copy number alteration detection using shallow whole-genome sequencing, more generally referred to as copy number variation sequencing. Design.— We selected samples from 21 patients, covering a range of different tumor entities. The performance of copy number detection was compared across 3 setups: array comparative genomic hybridization in combination with fresh material; copy number variation sequencing on fresh material; and copy number variation sequencing on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material. Results.— Very similar copy number profiles between paired samples were obtained. Although formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded profiles often displayed more noise, detected copy numbers seemed equally reliable if the tumor fraction was at least 20%. Conclusions.— Copy number variation sequencing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material represents a trustworthy method. It is very likely that copy number variation sequencing of routinely obtained biopsy material will become important for individual patient care and research. Moreover, the basic technology needed for copy number variation sequencing is present in most molecular diagnostics laboratories.