Molecular Characterization of Colorectal Neoplasia in Translational Research

Abstract

Abstract Objective.—To present recent advances in the use of molecular markers in diagnosis, in prognosis, in early detection, in novel therapies, and in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of colorectal neoplasia. Data and Literature Sources.—A review of studies of molecular markers in colorectal neoplasia, published in English and available on MEDLINE and BioMednet, indicates that molecular markers are being increasingly studied to predict clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC). We have used this resource, together with our published and unpublished observations at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, to provide an overview of translational research related to molecular markers in colorectal neoplasia. Conclusions.—Currently, the prognosis of patients with CRC is predicted primarily on the basis of clinicopathologic staging; however, pathologists and oncology surgeons have recently begun to investigate the use of molecular markers to diagnose and/or understand the progression of CRC. In recent years, much has been learned about the molecular events responsible for the development of CRC. Also, several studies have reported the implication of some molecular markers in metastasis and tumor aggression and their usefulness in predicting clinical outcome. In this article, we discuss the use of specific molecular markers, including tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and oncofetal tumor antigens (Lewis X and Y) in diagnosis and as targets for novel therapies, as well as the phenotypic expression of bcl-2, mucin antigens (MUC1 and MUC2), and nuclear accumulation of p53 in predicting the clinical outcome of patients with CRC. We also review the ways in which molecular markers may aid the early detection of colorectal neoplasia and promote our understanding of the earliest changes in colorectal neoplasia.