Probiotics Based on Lactic Acid Bacteria for Aquaculture

Abstract

Aquaculture (especially fish farming) provides billions of people with nutrients: amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and proteins. Aquaculture of commercial species (rainbow trout, common carp, grass carp, pacific white-legged shrimp, etc.) are growing rapidly and accounts for about a third of the global fish production. It is a major alternative to reducing wild populations that are unable to meet growing food demand. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of the genera Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Enterococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Carnobacterium, and Weissella belong to the normobiota of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of most fish. They play an important role as they stimulate the synthesis of digestive enzymes, prevent intestinal disorders, improve the immune response of the macroorganism, increase the barrier capacity of the mucous membrane due to the colonization of the fish GI tract, activate the resistance to the development of bacterial and viral infections due to the production of a wide range of antimicrobial substances (bacteriocins, organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, etc.). Therefore, Lactobacilli are classified as potential probiotic strains for aquaculture. The combined use of lactic acid bacteria with feed increases their nutritional value, as microorganisms produce a wide range of digestive enzymes that actively participate in the process of digestion and decomposition of feed, as well as positively affect the growth of individuals and stimulate their reproductive activity, which undoubtedly contributes to the active introduction of commercial probiotics based on LAB strains. As a result of growing aquaculture, there are many problems such as stocking density, infectious diseases, excessive use of antibiotics, water pollution, which can be solved with the help of probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Therefore, the review presents current literature data on the use of lactic acid bacteria strains as probiotic preparations for aquaculture, their species composition, probiotic effect on the host, the mechanism of action of probiotics on aquaculture, and the methods for delivery to the macroorganism.