1. Abbott, H. Porter. The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2002. Print.
2. Armstrong, Nancy. How Novels Think: The Limits of Individualism from 1719–1900. New York: Columbia UP, 2006. Print.
3. Becker, John E. Hawthorne's Historical Allegory: An Examination of the American Consciousness. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971. Print.
4. Bentley, Nancy. “Slaves and Fauns: Hawthorne and the Uses of Primitivism.” ELH 57.4 (1990): 901–37. Print.
5. Berthold, Dennis. American Risorgimento: Herman Melville and the Cultural Politics of Italy. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2009. Print.