1. Qing shilu 清實錄, 60 vols. (rpt. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju,1985), Vol.16, pp.702-703. (Here and throughout this essay, all translations intoEnglishare mine unless otherwise indicated.)
2. Hughes, "The Evolution of Large Technological Systems," ibid., pp.45-76. Fora specific example of the use of the technological systems approach see