1. Angular momentum from tidal torques
2. Warps
3. The Persistence of Warps in Spiral Galaxies with Massive Haloes
4. Binney, J. & Tremaine, S. 1987, Galactic Dynamics (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press)
5. Bosma, A. 1991, in Warped Disks and Inclined Rings around Galaxies, ed. S. Casertano, P. D. Sackett, & F. H. Briggs (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 181