Modern osteoplastic materials

Abstract

Relevance. Bone tissue regeneration and the development of methods for directed influence on the processes of bone healing are of the most urgent problems of modern medicine. Defects in the jaw bones are widespread, which in turn leads to the search for modern bone - replacing materials that meet the basic characteristics of the bone. Information was searched based on the PubMed and E-library databases, using the keywords: “bone tissue” AND “bone regeneration” AND “osteoplastic materials” AND “osteoinduction” AND “osteoconduction”. Autologous bone is considered the clinical gold standard and the most effective method of bone regeneration. It is the autograft that has three main characteristics: osteogenicity, osteoinductive and osteoconductive. The autograft has limitations due to the limited amount of bone tissue and the soreness of the donor site. A viable alternative to autologous bone is an allograft. The most widely used allograft is demineralized freeze - dried bone allograft (FDBA). The freeze - drying process promotes damage to osteoblasts, which limits its osteoinductive potential, but it is a profitable alternative in terms of convenience, abundance of choice and absence of pain due to the absence of additional surgical intervention. The main component of xenogeneic materials is collagen, which has the ability to resorb in tissues and stimulate regenerative processes. The material has osteoconductive properties and is capable of bone ingrowth, with the formation of a new bone directly from the xenomaterial bed with the deposition of bone cells on its surface. Subsequently, the xenomaterial undergoes resorption with complete replacement with new bone tissue. Alloplastic materials are fully synthetic materials synthesized from inorganic sources. Alloplastic materials have the property of osteoconduction, and when various growth factors are added to their composition, the property of osteoinduction is added to osteoconductive. The clinical use of bone substitutes is limited by their fragility as well as their unpredictable rate of resorption, which render these materials generally less favorable in clinical outcomes. Conclusion. Until now, a scientific search for various materials capable of replacing an autogenous transplant is being carried out. At the moment, none of the currently available materials has all the desired characteristics and the choice of materials directly depends on the specific clinical situation in the oral cavity.