A 2-YEAR STUDY OF VIRUS – CHEMICAL INSECTICIDE COMBINATION IN THE INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (TORTRICIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)

Abstract

AbstractDuring 1972, spruce budworm infested white spruce and balsam fir trees were sprayed aerially with a low dose of fenitrothion (0.25 oz AI/ac), entomopox virus (EPV) at 7.6 × 1010 polyhedra/ac, nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) at 2.7 × 1011 polyhedra/ac, or each virus–fenitrothion combination. Fenitrothion (active ingredient), NPV, and EPV deposited at ground level at 5%, 31%, and 42%, respectively, of the amounts emitted.In the year of application, NPV + fenitrothion was highly effective in population reduction and foliage protection especially on; balsam fir although a higher virus infection rate was found on white spruce than on balsam fir. EPV + fenitrothion also provided a high level of foliage protection and apparently reduced surviving female:male sex ratio to 1:2 compared with the normal 1:1 ratio. NPV + insecticide caused highest larval mortality, highest incidence of virus, lowest rate of moth emergence, fewest progeny, and lowest rate of progeny survival. The natural incidence of microsporidia was low in all plots.In the year following application, the NPV + insecticide treated plot again showed lowest population density, highest larval mortality and incidence of virus, and low defoliation and egg mass density. However, there was a higher proportion of viable eggs deposited than in the previous year. Egg parasitism by Trichogramma minutum increased by 1.5 to 4.2% in plots treated with virus only and declined by 1.6 to 10.5% in insecticide treated plots and by 1.2% in untreated check plot. The transmission of the virus from one year to the next is considered to be of paramount importance in the future use of this pathogen in spruce budworm control.