1. Amaiwa, S. 1987 Transfer of subtraction procedures from abacus to paper and pencil computation. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology. 35, 41-48.(In Japanese with English abstract)
2. Amaiwa, S., & Hatano, G. 1983 Comprehension of subtraction procedures by beginning abacus learners. Paper presented at the 47th Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association.(In Japanese)
3. Anderson, J. R. 1980 Cognitive psychology and its implications. San Francisco: Freeman.
4. Asao, H. 1976 Effects of abacus learning on children's intellectual development. Nihonshuzan [Abacus in Japan], July, No.269, Pp.18-22.(In Japanese)
5. Asao, H., & Hatano, G. 1980 Paper-and-pencil computational skills of beginning abacus learners. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Convention of the Japanese Association of Educational Psychology.(In Japanese)