Modern Views on the Development of the Aorta and the Formation of the Topography of its Individual Branches in the Early Period of Human Ontogenesis

Abstract

Despite the introduction of the latest methods of prenatal diagnosis and treatment of vascular abnormalities linked with impaired aortic arch, currently, relevant issues of embryology are the regularity of normal morphogenesis and topography of the aorta in utero. The purpose of the study. To analyze the sources of modern scientific literature on the development and formation of topographic and anatomical relationships of the aorta at the early stages of the prenatal period of human ontogenesis. Results and discussion. Based on the analysis of sources of the modern scientific literature, the information about prenatal morphogenesis and the formation of topographic and anatomical relationships of the aorta and its individual branches is given. Some aortic anomalies were considered, namely the preconditions of congenital aneurysms of the thoracic aorta were analyzed in details. The analysis of literature references demonstrated that the persistence and disappearance of the particular segments of the ventral and dorsal aorta, as well as aortic arches, form the preconditions for the development of different aortic anomalies. Stenosis or atresia of various parts of the aortic arch can have severe clinical consequences. Based on the information from literature sources, it can be presumed that the etiological factors of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are poor esophageal blood supply at the early stages of embryogenesis and genetic mutations. One of the reasons for the short esophagus is the prolonged retention of the stomach at the pleural cavity by prematurely growing aortic vessels. This etiological cause can also lead to the development of Barrett's esophagus. One of the causes for prolongation or delay of recanalization of the esophageal lumen, mainly in the critical period of its morphogenesis (7 weeks of fetal development), which can lead to atresia and stenosis, is obliteration of the esophageal branches of the thoracic aorta in early embryogenesis. Conclusion. In-depth data on the sources and timing of laying and prenatal morphogenesis of the aorta and its branches become a factor that combines usually disparate information on the anatomy and physiology of the object of study into a single morpho-functional knowledge about it, and allows to designate morphological conditions for birth defects development of arterial vessels and is the basis for further research of new methods and ways of surgical interventions