Long-Term Consequences of the Fetoplacental Insufficiency Influence on the State and Functioning of Different Body Systems in Descendants (Literature Review and Own Research)

Abstract

The literature review presents the results of processing literature data on one of the topical issues of obstetrics and reproductive medicine - placental insufficiency. According to the World Health Organization, the number of infertile couples is gradually increasing in the world every year. In Ukraine, the frequency of infertile marriages among persons of reproductive age ranges from 12 to 18%. The state of the reproductive system of an adult female is influenced by many factors, from embryonic development to the lifestyle of an adult woman. With an inadequate effect of harmful factors on the fetus, the fetoplacental complex may not react properly, and this is how the symptom complex of disorders arises both on the part of the mother and on the part of the fetus, which is called placental insufficiency, it negatively affects the condition and quality of pregnancy and childbirth. Numerous studies have proven the existence of a connection between the effect of certain factors during pregnancy on the state and functionality of various body systems already in adulthood. It was shown that children who were born from mothers with placental insufficiency suffering from cardiovascular diseases have fewer elastic fibers in the arteries, nephrons in the kidneys. In addition, the pancreas has fewer insulin-producing β-cells and reduced vascularization, as well as altered structure and maturation of the brain, lungs (respiratory distress syndrome) and liver, joint dysplasia, and an imbalance of the immune system. When studying the long-term effects of placental insufficiency, various disorders of physical and mental development are observed, as well as increased somatic and infectious morbidity of newborns and children in the first year of life, in the future it may be the cause of the development of diseases such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, etc. Conclusion. Our studies have shown the negative impact of placental insufficiency on the reproductive system of adult offspring of rats of two sexes who were born to mothers of two age groups. In particular, the level of testosterone in female offspring was increased against the background of the altered structure of the estrous cycle and the pathological state of ovarian histology. In the male offspring, on the contrary, the total testosterone level decreased, but the histology of the testes and the functional state of the sperm remained unchanged