Observed shifts in the contact zone between two forms of the diving beetleHydroporus memnoniusare consistent with predictions from sexual conflict

Abstract

Sexual conflict drives both inter- and intrasexual dimorphisms in many diving beetles, where male persistence and female resistance traits co-evolve in an antagonistic manner. To date most studies have focussed on species where rough and smooth females and their associated males typically co-occur within populations, where phenotype matching between morphs may maintain forms as stable polymorphisms. The Palaearctic diving beetleHydroporus memnoniusis characterised by having dimorphic (rough var.castaneusand smooth, shining) females and associated males which differ in persistence traits; the two forms being largely distributed parapatrically. In this species, instead of mating trade-offs between morphs, males associated withcastaneusfemales should have a mating advantage with both this form and shining females, due to their increased persistence abilities on either cuticular surface. This may be expected to lead to the replacement of the shining form withcastaneusin areas where the two come into contact. Using data collected over a thirty year period, we show that this process of population replacement is indeed occurring,castaneushaving expanded significantly at the expense of the shining female form. Whilst populations of both forms close to the contact zone appear to differ in their thermal physiology, these differences are minor and suggest that the expansion ofcastaneusis not linked to climatic warming in recent decades. Instead we argue that the observed spread ofcastaneusand its associated male may result from the dynamics of sexually antagonistic coevolution in this beetle.