Determinants of asthma among adults in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: a facility-based case-control study

Abstract

Background Asthma is a public health concern affecting millions of productive age groups. Several studies were conducted on the determinants of asthma in children. However, little is known about the determinants of asthma among adults in Ethiopia. Understanding the determinants of asthma among adults can help reduce its burden. This study was aimed at identifying determinant factors for developing asthma among adults in Tigray hospitals. Methods A facility-based, unmatched case-control study design was conducted from January 1 to April 26, 2019. A total of 698 participants (228 cases and 470 controls) completed their guided interviews using structured and pretested questionnaires by trained data collectors. A modified standard questionnaire from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II (ECRHS II) was used to collect the data. The case definition was patients having asthma, and the control definition was patients without asthma. Data were entered and cleaned using Epi Data Manager Version 3.1 software and imported to statistical packages for social sciences Version 25 software for analysis. To identify asthma determinants, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted. Results The response rate for both cases and controls was 95.9%. The odds of developing asthma was nearly twice higher among those who resided in urban (AOR = 1.68; 95% CI [1.13–2.50]), more than twice higher among those who have income less than 1000 ETB (AOR = 2.3; 95% CI [1.17–4.56]), twice higher among those who had history of skin allergy (AOR = 2.09; 95% CI [1.14–3.86]), over four times higher among those with family history of asthma (AOR = 4.26; 95% CI [2.63–6.91]), three times higher among those having house dust or smoke exposure (AOR = 3.01; 95% CI [1.96–4.64]), over five times higher among those lifetime firewood users (AOR = 5.39; 95% CI [3.34–8.72]), door opening while cooking (AOR = 0.35; 95% CI [0.26–0.55]), nearly two times higher among those having house dampness (AOR = 1.98; 95% CI [1.069–3.68]), over seven times higher among pet owners (AOR = 7.46; 95% CI [4.04–13] and almost twice higher among those who were physically inactive (AOR = 1.75; 95% CI [1.11–2.85]). Conclusion Asthma has been associated with urbanization, low income, a history of allergic diseases, indoor smoke or dust, firewood use, pet ownership, and a sedentary lifestyle. The community should be informed about the known risks and implement preventive steps like opening a door while cooking to lower the risk of asthma.