Wastewater reuse in agriculture: A review of soil and crops parasitic contamination, associated health risks and mitigation approach

Author:

Amahmid Omar12ORCID,El Guamri Youssef1ORCID,Rakibi Youness13ORCID,Yazidi Mohamed14ORCID,Razoki Bouchra14ORCID,Rassou Khadija Kaid14ORCID,Achaq Hanane14ORCID,Basla Safia14ORCID,Zerdeb Mohamed Amine4ORCID,El Omari Meriyam4ORCID,Touloun Oulaid5ORCID,Chakiri Saïd4ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Regional Centre for Careers in Education and Training CRMEF Marrakech-Safi, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Marrakech, Morocco

2. Department of Biology, Water, Biodiversity and Climatic Change (EauBiodCc) Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences-Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco

3. Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials, and Environment (LIMOME), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco

4. Department of Geology and Geosciences Research Lab, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco

5. Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco

Abstract

Background: Wastewater reuse in agriculture can potentially result in adverse health implications including parasitic diseases spread. Trichuris, Ascaris, and Giardia are major pathogenic parasites of concern associated with this practice. This review investigated their occurrence in wastewater, and environmental components reached through wastewater application, including irrigated soil and grown crops. Exposure pathways and evidence for health risks were also explored. Methods: Several databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and ResearchGate) and other sites were searched for published literature up to 2021. The searched keywords include wastewater reuse, soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), Ascaris, Trichuris, Giardia, crop contamination, soil contamination, health risk, epidemiological studies, exposure pathways, and risk mitigation. Overall, 160 papers have been yielded. After screening for relevance, 60 studies were considered for inclusion. Results: Giardia, Ascaris, and Trichuris were frequently detected in wastewater with up to 5×105 cysts/L and 5.73×103 eggs/L. Concentrations of 750 eggs/100 g and 2.8×104 cysts/100 g were reported in wastewater irrigated soil. Ascaris was reported in irrigated crops with up to 70 eggs/kg versus 6.6×103 cysts/kg for Giardia, depending on the type of crops. Epidemiological studies provided evidence supporting the increase of ascariasis, trichuriasis, and giardiasis diseases related to the exposure to wastewater irrigated soil and crops. Conclusion: The findings suggest that wastewater reuse in agriculture leads to contamination of soil, and crops with pathogenic parasites, increasing health risks in the exposed groups. To remedy this issue, protection measures, including a multi-barrier approach, can be applied to mitigate the health risks engendered by wastewater reuse for irrigation.

Publisher

Maad Rayan Publishing Company

Subject

Chemical Health and Safety,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health,General Environmental Science

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