Biological levels of cadmium and zinc in the small intestine of non-occupationally exposed human subjects

Abstract

The objective of this study was to estimate the relationships between cadmium (Cd) levels in the small intestine and other organs (kidney, liver, lungs) and factors influencing the intestinal Cd levels in humans, as based on autopsy analysis of subjects not exposed to Cd occupationally. The study also involved estimating the levels of zinc (Zn) in these organs, as it is known that this element exerts interactions with Cd at the level of absorption and tissue binding. The levels of Cd and Zn were determined in the renal cortex, liver, lungs and three fragments of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) of 29 subjects deceased at the age 42± 13 years. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS; kidneys, liver) and flameless AAS (lungs, intestine) were used. The level of Cd in the lungs was used as a marker of smoking habit. The determined levels (mean± SD) were: 0.28± 0.16 mg Cd/g and 15.2± 3.4 mg Zn/g in the duodenum; 0.26± 0.15 mg Cd/g and 16.9± 3.7 mg Zn/g in the jejunum; 0.13± 0.07 mg Cd/g and 14.6± 5.4 mg Zn/g in the ileum. Intestinal Cd levels are correlated with organ and total body Cd, and this was best expressed for Cd in ileum (r=0.67 with renal, r=0.71 with hepatic and r=0.68 with total Cd). In conclusions, the levels of Cd in the small intestine of humans are relatively low and reflect predominantly the whole body retention of this element. Somewhat higher levels of Cd are contained in the initial parts of the small intestines. In all fragments of small intestines the levels of Cd are higher in smokers. Also, the levels of Zn were relatively low and did not correlate with the levels of Cd.