Sodium monochloroacetate causes cytotoxic effects, an increased lactate and pyruvate level and induces ultra structural and cytoskeletal alterations in cultured kidney and liver epithelial cells

Abstract

1 Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) and its sodium salt, sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) are widely used in chemical industries as intermediates in the synthesis of carboxymethylcellulose, phenoxyacetic acid, thio-glycolic acid, glycine, indigoid dyes and others. More-over, MCAA has been found as a by-product of the chlorination disinfection of drinking water and as an environmental contaminant of the atmosphere from the photodechlorination reactions of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Little is known about the mode of action of both compounds on the cellular level. From cases of accidental poisoning of man it is known that MCAA accumulates in liver and kidney. 2 In this study, the cytotoxicity of SMCA on cultured liver (Chang liver cells) and kidney epithelial cells of the proximal tubule (Opossum kidney cells) was investigated and its effect on metabolism, ultrastruc-ture and organization of cytoskeleton was examined. 3 Independent from the growth state of the cells (proliferating or quiescent), the results clearly show that SMCA causes a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability after an exposure period of 24 h. In all experiments, proliferating cells were more sensitive than quiescent and confluent cells. Liver cells were less sensitive against SMCA treatment than kidney epithe-lial cells. In contrast to liver cells, kidney cells exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in cell volume. The decrease in cell viability was accompanied by an increase of lactate and pyruvate concentrations released into the culture medium. In the case of Opossum kidney cells, lactate and pyruvate levels increased 5-6-fold, whereas in the case of Chang liver cells the increase was approximately twofold. While the ultrastructure of liver cells remained unaltered after drug treatment, kidney cells exhibited cytoplas-mic vacuolization, membraneous disruption and especially mitochondrial alterations. In accordance with the changes in the ultrastructure of Opossum cells, was the reorganization of cytoskeletal elements with an increased stress fiber network at the basolat-eral surface as well as a partial depolymerization of microtubules and vimentin filaments. A cytoskeletal reorganization was not observed for Chang liver cells after SMCA treatment. 4 The results demonstrate that SMCA causes a dose-dependent cytotoxicity which is accompanied by metabolic, mitochondrial and cytoskeletal alterations in the cells.