1. Thomas Willan,The Inland Trade: Studies in English Internal Trade in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries(Manchester, 1976); Hoh-Cheung Mui and Lorna Mui,Shops and Shopkeeping in Eighteenth-Century England(London, 1989); Carole Shammas,The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America(Oxford, 1990); Claire Walsh, ‘Shop Design and the Display of Goods in Eighteenth-Century London’,Journal of Design History, 8 (1995) pp. 157–76; Nancy Cox,The Complete Tradesman: A Study of Retailing, 1550–1820 (Aldershot, 2000); Helen Berry, ‘Polite Consumption: Shopping in Eighteenth-Century England’,Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 12 (2002) pp. 375–94.
2. Claire Walsh, ‘The Newness of the Department Store: A View from the Eighteenth Century’, in Geoffrey Crossick and Serge Jaumain (eds),Cathedrals of Consumption: The European Department Store, 1850–1939 (Aldershot, 1999) pp. 46–71. See also Jon Stobart and Andrew Hann, ‘Retailing Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: Evidence from North-West England’,Business History, 46 (2004) pp. 171–94.
3. Peter Borsay,The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the English Provincial Town, 1660–1770 (Oxford, 1989), especially pp. 294–95.
4. William Hutton,An History of Birmingham to the End of the Year1780 (Birmingham, 1781) p. 259. See also Anthony Ashley Copper, third Earl of Shaftesbury,Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, ed. Lawrence Klein (Cambridge, 1999) p. 31.