1. Quoted in Christopher Brooke,The Gothic Cathedral, with an Historical Introduction: The Cathedral in Medieval Society(London, 1969) p. 80.
2. John Brewer, ‘Commercialization and Politics' in Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J.H. Plumb (eds),The Birth of Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth Century England(London, 1982) pp. 197–262.
3. For an assessment of the breadth of friendly societies' interests, see Dan Weinbren, ‘“Imagined Families”: Research on Friendly Societies',Mitteilungsblatt des Instituts für die Geschichte der sozialen Bewegungen27 (2002) pp. 117–36.
4. Unless stated otherwise, information about all the banners is derived from the database of banners created by the People's History Museum. The museum itself holds few banners. I am very grateful to the museum for allowing me access to this database. Nick Mansfield,Radical Rhymes and Union Jacks: A Search for Evidence of Ideologies in the Symbolism of Nineteenth Century Banners, University of Manchester Working Papers in Economic and Social History, 45 (Manchester, 2000) p. 2.
5. E.J. Hobsbawm, ‘Inventing Traditions' in E.J. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds),The Invention of Tradition(Cambridge, 1983) p. 8.