Advances in cytokine-regulated phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases represent the principal cause of mortality worldwide, with atherosclerosis (AS) being a critical underlying factor. AS is responsible for about half of the deaths in Western nations, underscoring the urgency for targeted therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the role of cytokines in modulating the phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are pivotal in the development and stability of atherosclerotic plaques. VSMCs, integral to the AS plaque architecture, exhibit significant plasticity in response to environmental cues. They can differentiate into mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-like, macrophage-like, foam cell-like, adipocyte-like, endothelial-like, osteoblast-like, and fibroblast-like phenotypes. This article systematically reviews recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which cytokines influence VSMCs behavior in AS, offering insights into new therapeutic strategies aimed at early intervention and treatment of AS.