1. ~ 10. Roth B, Demetriades D. Penetrating trauma to the neck. Current Opinion in Critical Care 1999; 5: 482–7. 11. Apffelstaedt JP, Muller R. Results of mandatory exploration for penetrating neck trauma. World Journal of Surgery 1994; 18: 917–19. 12. Meyer JP, Barrett JA, Schuler JJ, Flanigan DP. Mandatory vs selective exploration for penetrating neck trauma. A prospective assessment. Archives of Surgery 1987; 122: 592–7. 13. Demetriades D, Asensio JA, Velmahos G, Thal E. Complex problems in penetrating neck trauma. Surgical Clinics of North America 1996; 76: 661–83. 14. Demetriades D, Charalambides D, Lakhoo M. Physical examination and selective conservative management in patients with penetrating injuries of the neck. British Journal of Surgery 1993; 80: 1534–6. 15. Campbell FC, Robbs JV. Penetrating injuries of the neck: a prospective study of 108 patients. British Journal of Surgery 1980; 67: 582–6. 16. Narrod JA, Moore EE. Selective management of penetrating neck injuries. A prospective study. Archives of Surgery 1984; 119: 574–8. 17. Ngakane H, Muckart DJ, Luvuno FM. Penetrating visceral injuries of the neck: results of a conservative management policy. British Journal of Surgery 1990; 77: 908–10. 18. Demetriades D, Theodorou D, Cornwell E et al. Evaluation of penetrating injuries of the neck: prospective study of 223 patients. World Journal of Surgery 1997; 21: 41–7. 19. Sekharan J, Dennis JW, Veldenz HC et al. Continued experience with physical examination alone for evaluation and management of penetrating zone 2 neck injuries: results of 145 cases. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2000; 32: 483–9. 20. Atteberry LR, Dennis JW, Menawat SS, Frykberg ER. Physical examination alone is safe and accurate for evaluation of vascular injuries in penetrating Zone II neck trauma. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 1994; 179: 657–2. 21. Sclafani SJ, Cavaliere G, Atweh N et al. The role of angiography in penetrating neck trauma. Journal of Trauma 1991; 31: 557–62. 22. Demetriades D, Theodorou D, Cornwell E 3rd et al. Penetrating injuries of the neck in stable patients. Physical examination, angiography or color flow Doppler. Archives of Surgery 1995; 130: 971–5. 23. Beitsch P, Weigelt JA, Flynn E, Easley S. Physical examination and arteriography in patients with penetrating zone II neck wounds. Archives of Surgery 1994; 129: 577–81. 24. Mohammed GS, Pillay WR, Barker P, Robbs JV. The role of clinical examination in excluding vascular injury in haemodynamically stable patients with gunshot wounds to the neck. A prospective study of 59 patients. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2004; 28: 425–30. 25. Eddy VA. Is routine arteriography mandatory for penetrating injury to zone 1 of the neck? Zone 1 Penetrating Neck Injury Study Group. Journal of Trauma 2000; 48: 208–13. 26. Weigelt JA, Thal ER, Snyder WH et al. Diagnosis of penetrating cervical esophageal injuries. American Journal of Surgery 1987; 154: 619–22. 27. Smakman N, Nicol AJ, Walther G et al. Factors affecting outcome in penetrating oesophageal trauma. British Journal of Surgery 2004; 91: 1513–19. 28. Klyachkin ML, Rohmiller M, Charash WE et al. Penetrating injuries of the neck: selective management evolving. American Surgeon 1997; 63: 189–94. 29. Biffl WL, Moore EE, Rhese DH et al. Selective management of penetrating neck trauma based on cervical level of injury. American Journal of Surgery 1997; 174: 678–82. 30. Rao PM, Ivatury RR, Sharma P et al. Cervical vascular injuries: a trauma center experience. Surgery 1993; 114: 527–31. 31. Naidoo NM, Corr PD, Robbs JV et al. Angiographic embolisation in arterial trauma. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2000; 19: 77–81. 32. Ginzburg E, Montalvo B, LeBlang S et al. The use of duplex ultrasonography in penetrating neck trauma. Archives of Surgery 1996; 131: 691–3. 33. Demetriades D, Theodorou D, Cornwell E et al. Penetrating injuries of the neck in patients in stable condition; physical examination, angiography or color flow Doppler. Archives of Surgery 1995; 130: 971–5. 34. Bishara RA, Pasch AR, Douglas DD et al. The necessity of mandatory exploration of penetrating zone II neck injuries. Surgery 1986; 100: 655–60. 35. Dunbar L, Adkins RB, Waterhouse G. Penetrating injuries to the neck. Selective management. American Surgeon 1984; 50: 198–204. 36. Wood J, Fabian TC, Mangiante EC. Penetrating neck injuries: recommendations for selective management. Journal of Trauma 1989; 29: 602–5. 37. Flowers JL, Graham SM, Ugarte MA et al. Flexible endoscopy for the diagnosis of esophageal trauma. Journal of Trauma 1996; 40: 261–6. 38. Srinivasan R, Haywood T, Horwitz B et al. Role of flexible endoscopy in the evaluation of possible esophageal trauma after penetrating injuries. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2000; 95: 1725–9. 39. Mazolewski PJ, Curry JD, Browder T, Fildes J. Computed tomographic scan can be used for surgical decision making in zone II penetrating neck injuries. Journal of Trauma 2001; 51: 315–19. 40. Leblang SD, Nunez DB, Rivas LA et al. Helical computed tomographic angiography in penetrating neck trauma. Emergency Radiology 1997; 4: 200–6. 41. Munera F, Soto JA, Palacio D et al. Diagnosis of arterial injuries caused by penetrating trauma to the neck: comparison of helical CT angiography and conventional angiography. Radiology 2000; 216: 356–62. 42. Gracias VH, Reilly PM, Philpott J et al. Computed tomography in the evaluation of penetrating neck trauma: a preliminary study. Archives of Surgery 2001; 136: 1231–5. 43. Demetriades D, Theodorou D, Cornwell E et al. Transcervical gunshot wounds: mandatory operation is not necessary. Journal of Trauma 1996; 40: 758–60. 44. Fetterman BL, Shindo ML, Stanley RB et al. Management of traumatic hypopharyngeal injuries. Laryngoscope 1995; 105: 8–13. 45. Yugueros P, Sarmiento J, Garcia A, Ferrada R. Conservative management of penetrating hypopharyngeal wounds. Journal of Trauma 1996; 40: 267–9. 46. Glatterer MS, Toon RS, Ellestad C et al. Management of blunt and penetrating external esophageal trauma. Journal of Trauma 1985; 25: 784–92. 47. Symbas PN, Tyras DH, Hatcher CR, Perry B. Penetrating wounds of the esophagus. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1972; 13: 552–8. 48. Shama DM, Odell J. Penetrating neck trauma with tracheal and oesophageal injuries. British Journal of Surgery 1984; 71: 534–6. 49. Weiman DS, Walker WA, Brosnan KM et al. Noniatrogenic esophageal trauma. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1995; 59: 849–50. 50. Jones WG, Ginsberg RJ. Esophageal perforation: a continuing challenge. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1992; 53: 534–43. 51. Asensio JA, Berne J, Demetriades D et al. Penetrating esophageal injuries: time interval of safety for preoperative evaluation – how long is safe? Journal of Trauma 1997; 43: 319–24. 52. Levy RD, Degiannis E, Hatzitheophilou C et al. Management of penetrating injuries of the cervical trachea. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1997; 79: 195–7. 53. Losken A, Rozycki GS, Feliciano DV. The use of the sternocleidomastoid muscle flap in combined injuries to the oesophagus and carotid artery or trachea. Journal of Trauma 2000; 49: 815–17. 54. Bradley EL. Management of penetrating carotid injuries: an alternative approach. Journal of Trauma 1973; 13: 248–55. 55. Liekweg WG, Greenfield LJ. Management of penetrating carotid arterial injury. Annals of Surgery 1978; 188: 587–92. 56. Brown MF, Graham JM, Feliciano DV et al. Carotid artery injuries. American Journal of Surgery 1982; 144: 748–53. 57. Navsaria P, Omoshoro-Jones J, Nicol A. An analysis of 32 surgically managed penetrating carotid artery injuries. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2002; 24: 349–55. 58. Stain SC, Yellin AE, Weaver FA, Pentecost MJ. Selective management of nonocclusive arterial injuries. Archives of Surgery 1989; 124: 1136–40. 59. Frykberg ER, Crump JM, Vines FS et al. A reassessment of the role of arteriography in penetrating proximity extremity trauma: a prospective study. Journal of Trauma 1989; 29: 1041–52. 60. Meier DE, Brink BE, Fry WJ. Vertebral artery trauma: acute recognition and treatment. Archives of Surgery 1981; 116: 236–9. 61. Golueke P, Sclafani S, Phillips T et al. Vertebral artery injury – diagnosis and management. Journal of Trauma 1987; 27: 856–65. 62. McLaughlin DJ, Modic M, Masaryk T et al. A new approach to the treatment of penetrating injuries to the vertebral artery. Vascular Surgery 1998; 32: 639–46. 63. Beningfield S. Radiology. In: Nicol A, Steyn E (eds). Oxford handbook of trauma for Southern Africa. Oxford: University Press, 2004: 104. 64. Du Toit DF, Leith JG, Strauss DC et al. Endovascular management of traumatic cervicothoracic arteriovenous fistula. British Journal of Surgery 2003; 90: 1516–21. This page intentionally left blank