Giant dysgerminoma with pelvic metastases at the time of puberty: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract

This study aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges and management strategies associated with a rare occurrence of giant dysgerminoma with pelvic metastases in an adolescent patient. We intend to add valuable information to the medical literature that may help to better understand and manage similar cases in the future, making this case report potentially valuable to clinicians and researchers in the fields of gynaecological oncology and paediatric oncology. Germ cells, the precursors of the ova in women and sperm in men, can give rise to germ cell tumours if their migration goes wrong during embryogenesis. These tumours, which can be malignant or benign, are generally rare. In particular, germ cell lesions in women are usually benign, whereas in men they are often malignant. These tumours can present as intra- or extragonadal masses due to the migratory nature of the germ cells. Dysgerminoma, a rare malignant germ cell tumour, is more common in men than testicular seminoma. In women, dysgerminomas account for 1-2% of malignant ovarian tumours and present as exotic lesions. They are usually relatively small, but giant lesions have been reported. They also exhibit rapid growth and a characteristic lobulated surface, retaining the ovarian shape. Extra-ovarian presentations are rare but may extend into the abdominal region. In men, seminomas may occur extra-testicularly, particularly in the mediastinum. Dysgerminomas respond well to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, with survival rates of over 90% at five years with timely and appropriate treatment worldwide