Review—Interleukins Profiling for Biosensing Applications: Possibilities and the Future of Disease Detection

Abstract

Interleukins (ILs) are a major subclass of cytokines acting as molecular messengers playing role in immune system responses via a cascade of signaling pathways. Belonging to the cytokine family, the ILs play a crucial role in the theranostics of various diseases. Their abnormal expression leads to the development of various diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases, and other physiological abnormalities. This paves the path of exploring the ILs for the development of sensitive and efficient biosensors and promoting them for clinical testing in a wide array of diseases. Further, detecting the level of ILs is very important for their early diagnosis and their progression within the body, and simultaneously their possible immunotherapeutic approaches. To achieve this goal, multidisciplinary scientific approaches involving immunology, electrochemistry, nanotechnology, photometry, etc. are already being put into action. The advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology are aiding the development of highly sensitive biosensors for ILs detection. This review focuses on giving a detailed description of all the presently discovered ILs and their role in various diseases. Simultaneously, it also discusses the various electrochemical biosensors that can be employed for the detection of ILs in body fluids. Moreover, the role of nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensing is also discussed in this review.