Review—Progress in Electroanalysis of p53, CEA, and CA19–9

Abstract

Screening tests for panels of biomarkers such as the panel comprising p53, CEA, and CA19–9 facilitated early diagnosis of cancers and improvement of the quality of life. In this review, diverse electrochemical sensors used for the assay of p53, CEA, and CA 19–9 in biological samples are shown. Different methods of analysis such as differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemical impendance spectroscopy, chronoamperometry, and stochastic method were used for the assay of one biomarker (differential pulse voltammetry, chronoamperometry) or for the assay of a panel of biomarkers comprising p53, CA19–9, and CEA using stochastic method. The lowest limits of determination were obtained using the stochastic method; they were of fg ml−1/fU ml−1 magnitude order.