Abstract
The stability of Zn anodes in Ni-Zn and Zn-air batteries is dictated by the electrochemical transition between Zn and ZnO, the complexity of which has long obscured the micro-structural roots of anode failures such as shape changes, passivation, and dendrite formation. Here we reveal that in this phase transition evolves porous Zn, a structure that underpins the rechargeability of the anode. At sequential stages of charging and discharging cycles, we retrieved over one hundred anodes initially made of ZnO particles. At their cross-sections, we observe the progressive, spontaneous evolution of connected curvy Zn ligaments, explained by the continuum percolation theory and structural self-organization. The growth and consumption of ZnO spikes on the porous structure become a steady state until being upended by the growth of large Zn granules via the long-range transport of zincate. More conductive additive promotes the formation of porous Zn, which improves the cycle life to 230 cycles at 30% utilization of the zinc mass, among the best reported for an alkaline Zn anode. The work underlines the importance of micro-structural evolution for the fulfillment of cheap, safe energy storage by Zn.
Funder
Innovation and Technology Fund, Hong Kong
National Foundation of Natural Science, China
Publisher
The Electrochemical Society
Subject
Materials Chemistry,Electrochemistry,Surfaces, Coatings and Films,Condensed Matter Physics,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Cited by
3 articles.
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