Optimization and Evaluation of Potentiometric Sensing Membranes for Vildagliptin Determination: A Sustainable Approach Incorporating Whiteness and Greenness Assessment

Abstract

In the current environmental context, incorporating green analytical chemistry principles into analytical chemistry analysis shows great promise. In drug analysis, the most important objective is to develop techniques that are cost-efficient, eco-friendly, and of high quality. Our study highlights the novelty of utilizing greenness and whiteness approaches in developing a solid-state electrochemical sensor for Vildagliptin (VILD) detection. The sensor employs potentiometric transduction and underwent a dual-phase adjustment process. Initially, various ionophores were evaluated to enhance sensor specificity, followed by the incorporation of a multi-walled carbon nanotube layer as a mediator for ion-to-electron conversion. The selected ionophore was then employed to complete the assessment of VILD. The linearity range obtained was 1.00 × 10−5 M – 1.00 × 10−2 M with a limit of detection of 7.94 × 10−6 M. This sensor demonstrated effectiveness in the selective determination of VILD in bulk powdered material and pharmaceutical formulations. Environmental impact evaluation was performed using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and the Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE), comparing it to a previous method. Additionally, The RGB model assessed both method’s whiteness. Our investigation reveals the proposed method as an excellent eco-friendly approach compared to the reported method.