Review—Review on the Progress in Electrochemical Detection of Morphine Based on Different Modified Electrodes

Abstract

Morphine is a powerful opioid pain medication and commonly used narcotic pain killer and is toxic during overdose or when abused. Compared to conventional analytical techniques, the electroanalytical method has significant advantages viz. low cost, simplicity, ease of operation and facile miniaturization. In the present paper different approaches based on various modifications adopted for effective electrochemical sensing of morphine are reviewed in a comprehensive way. Among different modified electrodes available for the detection of morphine, carbon based materials—CNTs and graphene—display effective quantification and are attractive in terms of cost compared to noble metals. In addition, the performance of reported sensors in terms of their including detection range (LDR), limit of detection (LOD) and technique used are presented. The present review compares various electroanalytical techniques adopted for the determination of morphine.