Highly Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Monitoring of Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin Using Electrochemically Exfoliated@reduced Graphene Oxide/Clay Graphite Electrode

Abstract

This research work covers the development of a green, sensitive, selective, and simple electrochemical strategy for the detection of ciprofloxacin (Cipro) in biological fluids, wastewater, and drug samples. Herein the carbon paste electrode was modified using reduced graphene oxide and clay nanocomposite based on the electrochemical reduction of GO (ErGO-Clay@CPE). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry were used for the electro-characterization of ErGO-Clay@CPE, and the results supported that the ErGO-Clay improved the electrode’s conductivity and surface area. Moreover, the electrochemical performance was inspected by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry in phosphate buffer (PB, pH = 6). The data demonstrated a magnificent sensitivity of ErGO-Clay@CPE regarding Cipro. Under the optimized operating conditions, the electro-analytical response was linearly related to the Cipro concentration in the range of 0.03–2.0–50.0 μM with a lower detection limit (DL = 3 × SDblank/P) and sensitivity of 2.24 nM and 96.28 μA μM−1 cm−2, respectively. Furthermore, the ErGO-Clay@CPE was applied to identify the Cipro in drugs, wastewater, and urine samples, with satisfied recoveries.