Understanding Microbial Dysbiosis as a Key Driver in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Pathophysiology

Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presents a significant global health challenge, with established risk factors including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Recent research has illuminated the role of the oral microbiome in OSCC pathogenesis, highlighting microbial dysbiosis—a disruption in microbial balance—as a potential contributor to disease development. This review examines how dysbiosis influences OSCC through altered microbial composition, chronic inflammation, production of carcinogenic metabolites, and biofilm formation. Pathogenic bacteria like Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis are implicated in fostering a pro-inflammatory milieu conducive to carcinogenesis. Additionally, microbial metabolites and biofilms play crucial roles in OSCC progression. The review underscores the promise of biomarkers and interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and targeted antimicrobial therapies in early detection and therapeutic strategies for OSCC. Future research directions should focus on optimizing these approaches to improve clinical outcomes while minimizing unintended consequences associated with oral microbiome modulation.