Neuroprotective effect of hypoxic-hypercapnic training. Review

Abstract

The neuroprotective effects of hypercapnia, especially with hypoxia combined, interested in the context of nerve cells forming protective mechanisms. Hypercapnia not only acts as a potent neuroprotector but also increases tissue tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion. Hypercapnic effects are based on many different mechanisms including energy metabolism modulation, adaptive signaling pathways activation, histological damage reduction, pro-inflammatory factors, angiogenesis activation, and activation of synthetic processes in neurons. The summarized data indicate prospects for further research to better understand the molecular and physiological aspects of neuroprotection during hypercapnia and hypoxia, as well as to determine the conditions under which the best neuroprotective effect is achieved with a subsequent reduction in neurological deficits. __________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: hypercapnia, hypoxia, neuroprotection, permissive hypercapnia, ischemia, stroke