Abstract
Monopole Microstrip Antennas (M-MSAs) are widely used because of their price, ease of manufacturing, and compact size, making them ideal for portable applications. Nowadays, Ultrawide Band (UWB) technology, used in wireless applications, relies on this antenna. The UWB frequency range is 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, allowing low-power wireless applications such as wireless music, personal localization, radio frequency recognition, radar, and HD video dissemination. However, this frequency band's broadness increases interference. This contribution research formulates simulates, and optimises a modified small-square M-MSA that meets UWB technology's huge bandwidth requirements. A square radiated patch, a dielectric material with a thickness of 1 mm and 4.7 relative permittivity, a partly ground plane printed on the patch's face, and a coplanar waveguide feed make up the M-MSA design. The M-MSA design is modified to reduce the patch's bottom corners and change its proportions to enable compatibility with the UWB complete band. A U-shaped aperture on the patch should be etched to produce a bandgap in UWB frequencies, reducing interference. Filling the aperture with graphene allows bandgap tunability. The graphene's bandgap dissipates with DC voltage, but without biassing, its high impedance restricts aperture current flow. The bandgap's effect is seen at 3.87-4.85 GHz. After simulation and tweaking, gain and efficiency improved significantly. The bandgap region, which was chosen to reduce interference from military fixed communications, mobile communications, unmanned aerial vehicles, short-range radio links, satellite communications, and the low band of 5G, also exhibits a significant increase in attenuation and gain degradation.