Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy Part 2. Principles of causality in epidemiological research: confounding, effect modification and strength of association

Author:

Shapiro Samuel

Publisher

BMJ

Subject

Obstetrics and Gynecology,Reproductive Medicine,General Medicine

Reference41 articles.

1. Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker’s guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 1. Principles of causality in epidemiological research: time order, specification of the study base and specificity;Shapiro, S.;J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care,2008

2. Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker’s guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 3: Principles of causality in epidemiological research: statistical stability, doseand duration-response effects, internal and external consistency, analogy, and biological plausibility;Shapiro, S.;J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care,2008

3. The need for randomization in the study of intended effects;Miettinen, O.;Stat Med,1983

4. Invited commentary. Shifting the burden of proof regarding biases and low magnitude associations;Hertz-Picciotto, I.;Am J Epidemiol,2000

5. Carcinogenicity of combined oestrogen-progestogen contraceptives and menopausal treatment;Cancer;Lancet Oncol,2005

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4. Perforation risk and intra-uterine devices: results of the EURAS-IUD 5-year extension study;The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care;2017-11-02

5. Impact of estrogen type on cardiovascular safety of combined oral contraceptives;Contraception;2016-10

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