Blood flow restriction training and chronic ankle instability: A narrative review

Abstract

Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT) has emerged as a promising method, employing partial arterial occlusion and full venous occlusion with low weights to induce metabolic stress and achieve outcomes akin to heavy resistance training. This review explores the application of BFRT in addressing Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI), focusing on its efficacy in muscle hypertrophy, strength gains, and potential benefits. Ankle injuries, especially lateral ankle sprains, are prevalent in physically active individuals. CAI arises from residual symptoms following ankle sprains, leading to instability, pain, and altered neuromuscular control. Various rehabilitation strategies have been explored, yet a definitive, research‑supported intervention remains elusive. BFRT, recognized for its success in diverse clinical cases, presents a novel approach to CAI rehabilitation. The literature review encompasses studies evaluating BFRT’s impact on muscle hypertrophy, strength, and overall function in CAI cases. Furthermore, it delves into BFRT’s applications in post‑Achilles tendon rupture, malleolus fracture recovery, and its combined use with elastic band resistance in older adults. Recent studies support BFRT’s effectiveness in preventing muscle atrophy, improving strength, and facilitating rehabilitation across various ankle‑related conditions. However, concerns regarding safety and ethical considerations have prompted scrutiny. The review acknowledges the need for further research to establish optimal BFRT protocols, safety parameters, and its comparison with standard rehabilitation methods. It was concluded that BFRT emerges as a safe and promising modality for CAI rehabilitation, demonstrating its efficacy in promoting muscle strength, enhancing functional outcomes, and potentially preventing muscle atrophy in various ankle‑related injuries. While encouraging, the literature suggests the necessity for additional studies with standardized methodologies and homogeneous samples to substantiate the efficacy of BFRT in diverse clinical contexts.