1. The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
2. Section of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
3. Department of Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
4. Analytics Institute, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
5. Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.