1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
2. Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
3. Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa.
4. Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa.
5. Avera eCARE, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
6. Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa.