1. Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
2. Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
3. Department of Economics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
4. Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
5. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
6. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.
7. Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
8. Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.