1. Michael Johnston is the Charles A. Dana Professor of Political Science Emeritus at Colgate University in Hamilton, New York. Thanks to Adam Graycar, Jennifer Kartner, Bertram J. Levine, Wolfgang Scholl, and three anonymous referees for their perceptive comments, to Oguzhan Dinçer for sharing data on legal and illegal corruption in the 50 states, and to James D'Angelo for several examples of the effects of transparency.