1. Zachary L. Hertz is with the Division of the Social Sciences at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, USA.
2. Mr. Hertz thanks Brian Schaffner, Jamil Scott, Josh McCrain, Kyle Monahan, Doug Johnson, and Shiro Kuriwaki for their feedback and data assistance. He also thanks Teddy Knox, who first suggested a difference-in-differences approach. The author benefited from additional conversations with Carina Kimlan Hinton, Martha Fiehn, and Elsa Rohm.