1. Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
2. Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
3. Reproductive Health Research Unit, Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
4. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.