1. Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
2. Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
3. Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.
4. Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
5. Department of Critical Care and Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
6. Department of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.