1. Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin.
2. Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
3. Faculty of Agronomy, Université de Parakou, Parakou, Benin.
4. Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.