1. Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
2. Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
3. Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
4. Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.