Barriers to Innovation Activity. The Macro-, Mezo- and Microeconomic Approach on the Example of Poland

Abstract

Innovations are gaining more and more attention in studies and research mainly due to their role in the socio-economic development of countries. However, many countries and regions face real problems in creation, diffusion and absorption of innovation. The aim of the paper is to explore the barriers and bottlenecks which may influence and limit innovative activity across the country, regions and companies. The level of innovation in an economy is the result of many factors. For this reason, the article indicates not only the economic barriers which may appear at various stages of the innovation process, but also includes the cultural, behavioral, sociological and anthropological background. As a result, the various taxonomies of barriers are presented and evaluated. Particular attention is paid to the comprehensive interactions between various actors and institutions in the innovation process. Thus, the article focuses on and highlights the regional aspect which encourages the need of cooperation between businesses and institutions in order to understand the negative determinants blocking innovation.