Heterogeneity of Multiple Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Identified by ⁶⁸Ga-DOTANOC and ⁶⁸Ga-Exendin-4 PET/CT in a Patient with Endogenous Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Insulinomas are the most frequent functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. In about 10% of cases, insulinomas are associated with hereditary syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN1). <b><i>Case Presentation:</i></b> Herein, we present a 44-year-old female with recurrent hypoglycemia. In December 1998, this patient underwent resection of two pancreatic lesions due to hypoglycemia and was diagnosed with insulinoma. After the operation, the symptoms of hypoglycemia disappeared. However, from 2021, hypoglycemic symptoms reappeared frequently, as did coma. In June 2023, enhanced CT showed multiple pancreatic lesions abundant with blood supply. Fasting serum blood glucose and insulin were 1.73 mmol/L and 15.2 U/L (2.6–11.8 U/L). Germline genes suggested MEN1 pathogenic mutations. ⁶⁸Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT indicated there were multiple lesions located in the pancreas and duodenum with high expression of the somatostatin receptor (SSTR). ⁶⁸Ga-exendin-4 PET/CT was added to localize the insulinoma. Most lesions with high expression of SSTR in the body and tail of the pancreas manifested parts of them with high uptake of ⁶⁸Ga-exendin-4, and an additional lesion with high expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) was only detected by ⁶⁸Ga-exendin-4 PET/CT. It showed inter-tumor heterogeneity in the expression of SSTR and GLP-1R. From the distal pancreatectomy, a total of 5 tumors were found in the body and tail of the pancreas, which were diagnosed as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). After the operation, all the symptoms related to hypoglycemia disappeared. Immunohistochemical results of SSTR2 and insulin were consistent with the imaging findings of dual-tracer PET/CT. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> From this case, a combination of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTANOC and ⁶⁸Ga-exendin-4 PET/CT was recommended in the patients with MEN1 and insulinoma to estimate the heterogeneity of multiple neuroendocrine tumors that contribute to detect all the NET lesions and locate the tumors with secretion of insulin.