Identification and Characterization of Pectate Lyase as a Novel Allergen in <i>Artemisia sieversiana</i> Pollen

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> <i>Artemisia</i> species are widely spread in north hemisphere. <i>Artemisia sieversiana</i> pollen is one of the common pollen allergens in the north of China. At present, seven allergens were identified and had been listed officially from <i>A</i>. <i>sieversiana</i> pollen, but the remaining allergens are still insufficiently studied, which need to be found. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Pectate lyase was purified from the extracts of <i>A</i>. <i>sieversiana</i> pollen by anion exchange, size exclusion, and HPLC-hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The gene of <i>A</i>. <i>sieversiana</i> pectate lyase (Art si pectate lyase) was cloned and expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The enzyme activity and circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of natural and recombinant proteins were analyzed. The allergenicity of Art si pectate lyase was characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, inhibition ELISA, and basophil activation test. The allergen’s physicochemical properties, three-dimensional structure, sequence profiles with homologous allergens and phylogenetic tree were analyzed by in silico methods. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Natural Art si pectate lyase (nArt si pectate lyase) was purified from <i>A</i>. <i>sieversiana</i> pollen extracts by three chromatographic strategies. The cDNA sequence of Art si pectate lyase had a 1191-bp open reading frame encoding 396 amino acids. Both natural and recombinant pectate lyase (rArt si pectate lyase) exhibited similar CD spectrum, and nArt si pectate lyase had higher enzymatic activity. Moreover, the specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding rate against nArt si pectate lyase and rArt si pectate lyase was determined as 40% (6/15) in patients’ serum with <i>Artemisia</i> species pollen allergy by ELISA. The nArt si pectate lyase and rArt si pectate lyase could inhibit 76.11% and 47.26% of IgE binding activities to the pollen extracts, respectively. Art si pectate lyase was also confirmed to activate patients’ basophils. Its structure contains a predominant motif of classic parallel helical core, consisting of three parallel β-sheets, and two highly conserved features (vWiDH, RxPxxR) which may contribute to pectate lyase activity. Moreover, Art si pectate lyase shared the highest sequence identity of 73.0% with Art v 6 among currently recognized pectate lyase allergen, both were clustered into the same branch in the phylogenetic tree. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In this study, pectate lyase was identified and comprehensively characterized as a novel allergen in <i>A</i>. <i>sieversiana</i> pollen. The findings enriched the allergen information for this pollen and promoted the development of component-resolved diagnosis and molecular therapy of <i>A</i>. <i>sieversiana</i> pollen allergy.