Different Levels of Chromatin Condensation in Partamona chapadicola and Partamona nhambiquara (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Abstract

Studies in several organisms have contributed to the understanding of heterochromatin and its biological importance. In bees of the tribe Meliponini, the presence of chromosomes with totally heterochromatic arms has been attributed to the mechanism of karyotype evolution in which this group accumulated heterochromatin to maintain telomere stability after centric fission events. In the present study, the use of classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques as well as automated image analysis software for the description of the karyotypes of Partamonachapadicola and P. nhambiquara bee species revealed variability in the compaction and patterns of chromatin structure. Although both species have the same chromosome number as other species in the genus Partamona (2n = 34), C-banding and image analyses indicated the existence of chromosomes with 3 regions of different staining intensities, suggesting a chromatin structure with distinct patterns and characteristics. Repetitive DNA probes hybridized only in the euchromatic regions, whereas the regions with intermediate staining intensity did not show any hybridization signals. This suggests that these regions present features more similar to heterochromatin. Evidence of the existence of a chromatin class with intermediate condensation compared to euchromatin and heterochromatin indicates a potential mechanism for heterochromatin amplification and demonstrates the need for further studies on this topic. This previously unrecognized class of chromatin should be taken into account in the study of all Meliponini chromosomes.