A Novel, Heterozygous, de novo Splicing Variant Affecting the Intracellular Domain of the Growth Hormone Receptor, and Causing a Mild Short Stature

Abstract

Introduction: Although the majority of growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) cases are classical, the spectrum of clinical phenotypes has expanded to include “atypical” GHIS subjects with milder phenotypes due to very rare heterozygous growth hormone receptor (GHR) mutations with dominant negative effects. Case Presentation: A 13-year-old pubertal boy presented with short stature (−1.7 SDS) and delayed bone age (11.5 years). His serum IGF-1 was low (16 ng/mL; reference range: 179–540). IGFBP-3 (1.3 mg/L; 3.1–9.5) and ALS (565 mU/mL; 1,500–3,500) were also low. GH stimulation test was normal, and GHBP was markedly elevated (6,300 pmol/L; 240–3,000). Additionally, the boy had insulin resistance and liver steatosis. His final height reached −1.8 SDS, which was 3.0 SDS below his mid-parental height. GHR gene from genomic DNA and established primary fibroblast culture was analyzed and a synonymous heterozygous GHR: c.945G>A variant, in the last nucleotide of exon 9 (encoding intracellular domain of GHR) was identified. In vitro analysis of the GHR cDNA demonstrated a splicing defect, leading to the heterozygous excision of exon 9. The final predicted product was a truncated GHR protein which explained the elevated GHBP levels. Conclusion: We describe the first synonymous heterozygous GHR splicing variant in the exon 9-encoding part of the intracellular domain of GHR identified in a patient with mild short stature, thus supporting the continuum of genotype-phenotype of GHIS.